Cohesion Definition and Examples in Chemistry

The word cohesion comes from the Latin word  cohaerere, which means to stick together or stay together. In chemistry, cohesion is a measure of how well molecules stick to each other or group together.  It is caused by the cohesive  attractive force between like molecules. Cohesion is an intrinsic property of a molecule, determined by its shape, structure, and electric charge distribution. When cohesive molecules approach each other, the electrical attraction between portions of each molecule holds them together. Cohesive forces are responsible for surface tension, the resistance of a surface to rupture when under stress or tension. Examples A common example of cohesion is the behavior of water molecules. Each water molecule can form four  hydrogen bonds with neighbor molecules. The strong Coulomb attraction between the molecules draws them together or makes them sticky. Because the water molecules are more strongly attracted to each other than to other molecules, they form droplets on surfaces (e.g., dew drops) and form a dome when filling a container before spilling over the sides. The surface tension produced by cohesion makes it possible for light objects to float on water without sinking (e.g., water striders walking on water). Another cohesive substance is mercury. Mercury atoms are strongly attracted to each other; they bead together on surfaces. Mercury sticks to itself when it flows. Cohesion  vs. Adhesion Cohesion and adhesion are commonly confused terms. While cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same type, adhesion refers to the attraction between two different types of molecules. A combination of cohesion and adhesion is responsible for capillary action, which is what happens when water climbs up the interior of a thin glass tube or the stem of a plant. Cohesion holds the water molecules together, while adhesion helps the water molecules stick to glass or plant tissue. The smaller the diameter of the tube, the higher water can travel up it. Cohesion and adhesion are also responsible for the meniscus of liquids in glasses. The meniscus of water in a glass is highest where the water is in contact with the glass, forming a curve with its low point in the middle. The adhesion between the water and glass molecules is stronger than the cohesion between the water molecules. Mercury, on the other hand, forms a convex meniscus. The curve formed by the liquid is lowest where the metal touches the glass and highest in the middle. Thats because mercury atoms are more attracted to each other by cohesion than they are to glass by adhesion. Because the shape of the meniscus depends partly on adhesion, it will not have the same curvature if the material is changed. The meniscus of water in a glass tube is more curved than it is in a plastic tube. Some types of glass are treated with a wetting agent or surfactant to reduce the amount of adhesion so that capillary action is reduced and also so that a container delivers more water when it is poured out. Wettability or wetting, the capacity for a liquid to spread out on a surface, is another property affected by cohesion and adhesion.

Hard Times Bounderby - 800 Words

Josiah Bounderby falsely claims his success in life was a result of his hard work and never receiving help from anyone in Charles Dickens’ Hard Times. Claiming to be a self-made man grants Mr. Bounderby wide admiration in Coketown, with the exception of Tom and Louisa Gradgrind and Mrs. Sparsit, who perceive him to be an insolent person. Tom mirrors Mr. Bounderby’s selfish and hypocritical personality, but blames the old man for his rigid upbringing. Louisa cannot admire Mr. Bounderby while he shamelessly objectifies her when pursuing her romantically. At the same time, Mrs. Sparsit values Mr. Bounderby’s ability to help her preserve her social rank in Coketown rather than his achievements. These three characters see Mr. Bounderby though†¦show more content†¦Tom cannot admire Mr. Bounderby for his self-realized success because Tom blames him for his unfulfilled life, knowing only facts and nothing on achieving happiness. Louisa shares Tom’s resentment towards Mr. Bounderby and perceives him to be â€Å"a great deal rougher and not half so kind† (54). Mr. Bounderby’s romantic pursuits aggravate Louisa, which result in her lack of esteem. At the start of the novel, Louisa and Tom are caught by their father peeking into the circus and Mr. Bounderby guides their father’s anger towards the circus people instead of the children, after which Mr. Bounderby harrasses Louisa for a kiss as means of compensation. She raises her cheek â€Å"ungraciously† for him and once he is gone she rubs the same cheek until â€Å"it was burning red† announcing to her brother that he could â€Å"cut the piece out with [his] penknife† and she â€Å"wouldn’t cry† (25). More disturbed by his romantic pursuits than his participation in her childhood, Mr. Bounderby abandons his role of guardian to one of an antagonizer in Louisa’s life. Mrs. Sparsit is obsessed with maintaining a good social ranking after her aristocratic elite family fell to hard times and recognizes that Mr. Bounderby is the best way to achieve her goal. Although Mrs. Sparsit needs Mr. Bounderby, she does not respect him while taking â€Å"such pity on Mr. Bounderby to his face† then calls â€Å"his portrait a Noodle to its face, with the greatest acrimony and contempt† after his bank had been robbedShow MoreRelatedAnalyse Louisa’s Marriage with Bounderby as an Example of Patriarchal and Utilitarian â€Å"Arrangement† in Victorian Society (Hard Times by Charles Dickens)1814 Words   |  8 Pagesutilitarian logic in Hard Times through the characters of Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, Mr. Bounderby, and Mr. Gradgrind. Mr. Gradgrind educates his daughter, Louisa, with facts and facts alone. He raises her to disregard emotions and see everything in terms of statistics. He forces this type of education upon Louisa much like the marr iage with Bounderby that ends up being nothing but a loveless marriage without any hope for improvement. Written during the Victorian era, Dickens’ novel, Hard Times, constitutesRead More Social Classes of Industrial England in Charles Dickens Hard Times548 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Classes of Industrial England in Charles Dickens Hard Times In his novel, Hard Times, Charles Dickens used his characters to describe the caste system that had been shaped by industrial England. By looking at three main characters, Stephen Blackpool, Mr. Josiah Bounderby, and Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, one can see the different classes that were industrial England. Stephen Blackpool represented the most abundant and least represented caste in industrial England, the lower class (also calledRead MoreAnalysis of the Credibility of Characters in Charles Dickens Hard Times1512 Words   |  7 PagesDickens Hard Times Hard times was written in 1854 by Charles Dickens. Dickens was a prominent Victorian novelist who wrote about the society that surrounded him. He was educated and middle-class but had some sympathy with the way poor people were treated. He was critical of utilitarianism and felt that those in power showed little understanding of the poor. His sympathy with the poor stemmed from his childhood and his fathers inability to stay out of debt. Hard Times Read MoreUtilitarianism in Dickens Hard Times Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pages‘Hard Times’ is a wonderful story, but when one thinks about the reality that lies behind the work, the novel becomes a masterpiece. This novel becomes very important because utilitarianism was the main thought in Victorian era. Utilitarianism, â€Å"the forms of liberty and equality that will produce the greatest happiness depend on the state of the educational, political, economic, and social structure† (Harris). Everything is explained by logic and facts. It is easy for the reader to find out thatRead MoreThe Role of the Circus Folk in Hard Times by Charles Dickens1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of the Circus Folk in Hard Times by Charles Dickens The role of the circus is both complex and simple it is in itself a contradiction; it has been placed within the novel to add another dimension to the story of Coketown but also to show how fragile human nature can be. The circus folks role are complicated in their simplicity, they are of course there to carry out the role that they are paid to perform as actors or performers as well as being there for theRead MoreHow Greed Affects The Lives Of People935 Words   |  4 PagesIt is hard to believe how greed affects the lives of people. Often people do not realize that money and power are not everything in life. During the Industrial Revolution many people let their lives be heavily manipulated by their material wants rather than their needs. As a result they were often unhappy with the lives they had while others were in abundance of happiness. Charles Dickens lived during the Industrial Revolution and knew what life was like during those times (BBC - Primary HistoryRead MoreTreatment towards Migrant Workers1241 Words   |  5 PagesTreatment towards Migrant Workers Within In the novel Hard Times by Charles Dickens and the novel The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck both express a theme of vulgar treatment toward migrant workers’ and even towards anyone who was different and did not fit into their society. Both of novels tell great stories of disasters that have happened during the course of history. Throughout history, humans have been victimized by poverty. Poverty always turns up after a life changing event occurs. EventsRead MorePresentation of Conflict in Hard Times1343 Words   |  6 Pagesthat you have studied In â€Å"Hard Times† by Charles Dickens, conflict is presented as the outcome of industrialisation, material prosperity and a strict utilitarian way of life. In the 1850’s when the novel was written in instalments in ‘Household Words’, Victorian England was in the age of reform, which was creating new tensions between social classes, and creating a new type of ‘master’ represented by characters such as Mr. Gradgrind and more particularly Mr. Bounderby. Conflict is shown betweenRead MoreComedic Relief in the Bleek Novel, Hard Times by Charles Dickens542 Words   |  2 PagesIn every bleak novel there is one character who is always there for comedic relief; in Hard Times, that character is Mrs. Sparsit. Mrs. Sparsit is the housekeeper for Mr. Bounderby. Essentially she does all the work that a wife would do except she has a lower status than a wife, but higher than a servant. Here in lies the problem that she cannot deal with. Mrs. Sparsit came from a well-to-do family, but slipped in the social rankings. To regain her pride, she attempts to sabotage Mr. Bounderby’sRead MoreEssay about Dickens and his Stucture Of Hard Times891 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"On every page Hard Times manifests its identity as a polemical work, a critique of Mid-Victorian industrial society dominated by materialism, acquisitiveness, and ruthlessly competitive capitalist economics† (Lodge 86). The quotation above illustrates the basis for Hard Times. Charles Dickens presents in his novel a specific structure to expose the evils and abuses of the Victorian Era. Dickens’ use of plot and characterization relate directly to the structure on account that it shows

Week One Assignment Free Essays

Victoria Beaver Advertising Principles MANAMA August 30, 2014 Professor Phil Shapes 1 . What is Wall-Mart doing with its latest campaign? What are the difficulties involved in such an effort? Wall-Mart has faced several lawsuits in the past that claimed female employees faced discrimination in pay and promotions. The company has also had to face rumors that imply low wages, inadequate benefits, environmental damage, and harm to local economies. We will write a custom essay sample on Week One Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now To counteract this criticism, Wall-Mart started a campaign saying their employees are paid a wage that is substantially higher than federal law required, and included employee statements and testimonials. They arranged press conferences, and used the slogan â€Å"Wall-Mart speaks for employees. † Some of the difficulties they faced were that it was more costly, time consuming, and would probably be met with skepticism. 2. A recent Advertising Age article noted that Wall-Mart customers are less likely to read newspapers and more likely to watch television than the population as a whole. Why, then, did Wall-Mart choose newspapers for its new campaign? Wall-Mart chose to use print advertising in newspapers to help this particular campaign stand out. If they had used television media, they could have faced less control over who saw it, and when they saw it. By using the newspaper, Wall-Mart was able to send out a specific message. It was also tangible advertising that consumers could hold onto if they chose, such as the letter from the CEO Lee Scott, in which he stated, â€Å"†¦ When special-interest groups and critics spread misinformation about Wall- Mart, the public deserves to hear the truth†¦ Everyone is entitled to their own pinions about our company, but they are not entitled to make up their own facts. † 3. Analyze this Wall-Mart campaign and explain its purpose, referring to the discussion in this chapter of the roles and functions of advertising. What is the primary purpose? Do you think it will be effective at accomplishing that purpose? Wal l-Mart’s purpose with this campaign was to remove the misconception about the company, and promote a relationship between the employees and the consumers. Wall-Mart communicated directly with consumers via the letter from the CEO and the employee statements and testimonials. They used complementing public relations ads in select cities through press conferences with employees. Wall-Mart wanted to provide a positive message to consumer’s to try and protect their brand image. By promoting their employees instead of their goods, Wall-Mart took a unique stance, and therefore stood out. If nothing else, this would have made the company memorable to consumers. References Gauguin, T. , Allen, C. , Semen’s, R. (2012). Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion(6th deed. ). How to cite Week One Assignment, Papers

The Different Perspectives of Social Science Disciplines Inform Strate

Question: Critically Analyze How the Different Perspectives of Social Science Disciplines Inform Strategic Management? Answer: Introduction According to Mintzberg, strategy is influential and it is one of the high points of managerial activity. Strategy is nothing but a plan that guides the organization or the top management to carry out the functions effectively in the future. Strategy is a pattern that helps the company to work consistently over time (Ahlstrand, Lampel and Mintzberg, 2014). This report will critically analyze different perspective of strategic management in social science disciplines. Social science covers a huge range of disciplines like environment planning, human geography, development studies, management and business studies, economics, linguistics, social anthropology, education, Economic and social history, Psychology and Sociology, Politics and International Relations and lastly the social policies and social work (Esrc.ac.uk, 2015). Since, it is not possible to discuss all the perspectives; the report will demonstrate the strategic management perspectives in general way and demonstrate the mode ls that can be used for an effective strategy. Literature Review Strategic Management has created contribution in various fields like public administration, psychology, sociology, economics and organizational behavior. The strategic management field is a new concept contrasted with other disciplines (e.g. financial matters, science, law, and so on.) and has been scrutinized by researchers who inquiry its authenticity and significance (Cox et al., 2012). Strategic management is censured for neglecting to have a succinct, formal definition, failing to offer its own remarkable speculations, and being a sub-field of different controls (McGrath, 2007). Moreover, the field is condemned for concentrating too vigorously on hypothesis and lacking reasonable application for chiefs, for concentrating too intensely on down to earth application and not on hypothesis, and actually for being based upon a detached set of thoughts with no satisfactory structure (Barney, 2002; Mahoney McGahan, 2007). Taking all things together, a few researchers don't consider vit al administration to be a reasonable scholastic order. Researchers belonging to different filed have different perspective about strategic management. Different authors have classified strategy in different ways. The classifications are divided into following ways: Chafees interpretive, adaptive and linear schools in the year (1985) The interpretive model of Chafee observes social business as compilation of social indenture and strategy is an activity that is mainly driven by the beliefs and values of the organization. The adaptive model emphasizes on continuously evaluating the environment and also subsequent business adaptation. The linear model emphasizes on planning. It focuses on directed, sequential and methodological action helping the organization to make proper decisions. Mintzberg et al ten schools of thoughts(1998). The 10 thoughts are classified into three classes. The initial three schools are prescriptive in nature. They are concerned with how procedures ought to be formed. They in this way tell about perfect key conduct. These focus on the conduct of the strategist as a single person. The next six consider particular parts of the procedure development process. They portray how techniques get made. They focus on part of elements past the single person. The last school is a blend of all the above schools, it looks to be integrative. It tries to group the system making process, the substance, hierarchical structures and their connections into different stages. Organic and mechanistic approach by Fajourn (2000). The organic perspective treats time asuccessives relentless and consistent with the stream of occasions being non straight, interactional and element and accentuation on the connections between develops which are integrative in nature. The Mechanistic approach takes a gander at time as watchful; with the stream of occasions being direct, , directional and static and the builds and models are decently created, separated and accentuation is more on develop than on the connections among the develops (Barney, 2013). Cultural, evolutionary, logical incremental and rational school of thoughts of Faulkner and Campbell (2002). The rational planning stage identifies the gap between the numerical objective and also the result that emerges due to the present strategies. After developing a proper plan, the implementation of the plan should be adaptive in nature. This stage leads to flexible mindset. The evolutionary imperative perspective is all about involving the evolutionary adjustment behavior according to the survival interest. Lastly, the cultural constraint is all about espousing the system according to the cultural elements (Faulkner and Campbell, 2003). Micro, organic, rational, mechanistic, upper echelon, middle management perspectives of Hutzschenreuter and kleindienst (2006). From The micro viewpoint is concerned with the individual level. In consolidating praxis, hones, and professionals the point of view gives a larger structure that connections micro phenomenon to macro phenomena. The organic viewpoint considers how the association grows after some time utilizing way needy models to delineate variety and determination inside and among associations. The rational-mechanistic point of view, procedure methodology is delineated as a successive, discerning, and logical action concerned with the ID of the inside qualities and shortcomings of the association and the opportunities and dangers in the outside environment. As per the upper-echelon point of view, top supervisors are the key performers molding the course of the firm (Breuer, 2010). The cognitive viewpoint, nearly identified with the more elite class viewpoint, sees system as a mental procedure reflecting the administrator's recognition and assessment of a key issue. The middle management viewpoint h olds that center administrators know which key issue to go to. Their closeness to the business makes them enter performers in the method process (Ericson, 2008). The difficulty of how strategy should be formulated has led to various claims due to merits and de-merits of different school of thoughts or classifications discussed above. There are two different perspectives of strategic management one is the design school and another one is the learning school. The design school is all about matching the strength, weaknesses, threats and opportunities. This means it is all about developing SWOT analysis of the business and then develop strategies for effective performance. Further, the Ansoffs product matrix helps to understand the relationship between the new products and the existing products and its fitness with the organization. The learning school actually helps to understand how strategy occurs unlike design school. There are three different strategies; integrated strategies that is chosen by the organization to pursue, realized strategy that the organization essentially carries out and the emergent strategy that meets the need of external business environment. Comparative Analysis Of Business Models Three different strategies exist in an organization; corporate strategy, business level strategy and operational strategy. The corporate level strategy is concerned with the general reason and extension of an association and how esteem will be included to the distinctive of the association. The business level strategy is about how to contend effectively specifically markets and the operational level strategy are concerned with how the components of an association convey adequately the business level and corporate level methods regarding process, resources and also individuals. Figure: Corporate strategy Model Source: (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008) Strategic management in social science disciplines mainly includes organizations strategic position, strategic choices that can be used for effective performance in future and lastly the putting the strategies in action. Strategic Position: It is concerned with distinguishing the effect on methodology of the outside environment, an association's key ability (assets and skills) and the desires and impact of stakeholders. Strategic Choice: it includes understanding the basic bases for future system at both the corporate and business levels and the choices for creating system with respect to both the methods and directions for improvement. Strategic Action: It is concerned with guaranteeing that systems are working practice There are various different models that have to be considered for developing and implementing strategies in social science discipline. In order to determine the strategic position different environments of business that is determined by the macro environment, industry and the competitors. The macro environment of the organization can be determined by analyzing PESTLE factors (political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal) which gives broad information of external factors that have strong impact on the business and also helps to identify changing drivers. Industry layers helps to identify similar firms that are producing same services and products. From the perspective of strategic management, these firms exerts competitive forces that can be determined by Michael Porters five forces framework which includes new entrants threat, substitute threat, suppliers powers, buyers power and rivalry threat. This framework gives proper insights about how to analyze the stra tegies and also increase their profit by making proper action. Further, in order to determine the industry structure, the business can use the industry life cycle which comprises of 5 different stages development, growth, shake-out, maturity and decline (Jeffs, 2008). Then to demonstrate the strategic choices it is important to identify the business units of a company and then based on SBUs, it is important to assess the extent of sustainable competitive advantage and identify different strategies that would be suitable for hypercompetitive conditions. Here, in this it is important to derive proper pricing based strategies like no frills strategy, low- price strategy will seek to achieve competitive advantage. Further, in order to understand the interrelationship among the competitive moves the organization in social science discipline can utilize Game Theory which is helpful in determining the competitive dynamics. In order to manage different business portfolios one needs to use t he BCG Matrix (Boston Consulting Group) that mainly focuses on portfolio balance, business units attractiveness and business fitness. This model mainly includes four businesses, further the GE- Matrix also helps to position the business units according to market attractiveness and competitive strength. Last, step of strategic management is to develop strategic choices by identifying the processes using organizational politics, logical instrumentalism, cultural processes and resource allocation process (David, 2005). Business Example This section would focus on few models of strategic management taking Tesco as a business example. It is the largest food retailers in UK. The industry PESTLE Framework helps the organization to meet the growing demand of the population by analyzing the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors. The Porters five forces help to recognize the competitive attractiveness and interest of market and determine the TESCOs strength in the competitive market. Through SWOT analysis TESCO can address its weakness, prevent the threats, capitalize the opportunities and develop future goals using the strengths. Using the four celled matrix that is the BCG Matrix, TESCO can determine its portfolio in the competitive market. This matrix can help TESCO to represent their different business in a graphical way and based on this graphic representation, the organization can determine their portfolio related to industry growth and market share. GE-Matrix can further help T ESCO to evaluate their business portfolio and further implement the strategies that can help them to prioritize the business investment. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper demonstrates the concept of strategic management. The theories and models discussed in this paper would be useful for all the social science disciplines. However, the effective implementation depends on the organization culture and skills. TESCO is the business chosen to discuss t how the models have helped the organization to determine their strategic position, choices and action in the competitive market. Utilizing these strategic models, the organization is able to gain competitive advantage and also deliver value to the business processes and customers. By discussing the model s that can be used in three different steps of strategic management will help the social science discipline business to do better in the upcoming future compared to their competitors to sustain in this competitive world. References Ahlstrand, B., Lampel, J. and Mintzberg, H. (2014). Strategy safari. [S.l.]: Free Press. Barney, J. (2002). Strategic management: From informed conversation to academic discipline. Academy of Management Executive, 16(2), pp.53-57. Barney, M. (2013). Leading value creation. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Breuer, M. (2010). Socio-cognitive dynamics in strategic processes. Lohmar: Eul. Cox, M., Daspit, J., McLaughlin, E. and Jones, III, R. (2012). Strategic management: is it an academic discipline?. Journal of Business Strategies, 29(1). David, F. (2005).Strategic management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ericson, M. (2008). As in the Composition of a Fugue: Capturing the Flow of Strategic Business Activities. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 7(2), pp.58-72. Esrc.ac.uk, (2015). Social science disciplines. [online] Available at: https://www.esrc.ac.uk/about-esrc/what-is-social-science/social-science-disciplines.aspx [Accessed 11 Feb. 2015]. Faulkner, D. and Campbell, A. (2003). The Oxford handbook of strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jeffs, C. (2008).Strategic management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2008). Exploring corporate strategy. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Mahoney, J. and McGahan, A. (2007). The field of strategic management within the evolving science of strategic organization. Strategic Organization, 5(1), pp.79-99. McGRATH, R. (2007). No longer a stepchild: how the management field can come into its own. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), pp.1365-1378.